Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone is a third‑generation cephalosporin β‑lactam antibiotic with broad gram‑positive and gram‑negative coverage, widely used for serious bacterial infections. Mechanism of Action Inhibition of cell‑wall synthesis: Binds to penicillin‑binding proteins (PBPs) 2, 3, 4, and 5, preventing cross‑linking of the peptidoglycan layer. Result: Leads to osmotic lysis and bacterial death, primarily bactericidal. Note: Activity … Read more
Cefixime Cefixime is a third‑generation oral cephalosporin antibiotic widely used for uncomplicated respiratory and urinary tract infections and gonorrhea. Its spectrum covers many Gram‑negative and some Gram‑positive pathogens, with excellent activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae. Mechanism of Action Inhibition of bacterial cell‑wall synthesis Binds to penicillin‑binding proteins (PBPs) on the bacterial cell membrane. … Read more
Cefdinir Cefdinir (brand name Omnicef) is a third‑generation oral cephalosporin with high activity against a broad spectrum of gram‑positive and gram‑negative bacteria. It is widely prescribed for respiratory and airway infections in both children and adults due to its favorable safety profile and convenient dosing schedule. Mechanism of Action Cefdinir inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis … Read more
Cefadroxil Cefadroxil (brand names Cefadex, Cefadex FX, etc.) is a first‑generation, oral β‑lactam cephalosporin. It is widely used for uncomplicated skin and soft‑tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and mild upper‑respiratory tract infections. Mechanism of Action Bacterial cell‑wall inhibition: Cepadroxil binds selectively to membrane‑anchored penicillin‑binding proteins (PBPs) (especially PBP‑3, PBP‑4, PBP‑5), blocking peptidoglycan cross‑linking. Result: Increased cell‑wall … Read more
Casodex Casodex (generic name bicalutamide) is a non‑steroidal anti‑androgen (NSAA) used primarily for hormone‑responsive prostate cancer. Mechanism of Action Bicalutamide competitively binds to the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate epithelial cells, blocking testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from activating the receptor. This prevents the transcription of AR‑dependent genes, inhibiting prostate cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Unlike … Read more
Carvykti Carvykti (idecabtagene vicleucel) is a lentiviral vector‑transduced, autologous CD19‑specific CAR T‑cell therapy approved for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). — Mechanism of Action Carvykti utilizes a genetically engineered T‑cell that expresses a single‑chain variable fragment (scFv) against the B‑cell maturation antigen (BCMA). CAR components: scFv recognizing BCMA hinge and transmembrane domain for membrane anchorage intracellular … Read more
Carvedilol Mechanism of Action Carvedilol is a non‑selective β‑adrenergic antagonist (β1/β2) with α1‑adrenergic blockade. It reduces cardiac output by dampening sympathetic stimulation of β receptors while lowering peripheral resistance through α1 blockade, leading to vasodilation. The dual action translates into decreased heart rate, reduced myocardial oxygen demand, and improved coronary perfusion. Additionally, carvedilol exhibits antioxidant … Read more
Carbidopa — Mechanism of Action Carbidopa is a peripheral aromatic L‑dopa decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitor. Inhibits AADC in the gastrointestinal wall and the blood‑brain barrier, preventing peripheral metabolism of L‑dopa into dopamine. Preserves systemic L‑dopa for transport across the blood‑brain barrier, where it is converted to dopamine and exerts therapeutic effects. Does not cross the blood‑brain … Read more
Carbamazepine Mechanism of Action Sodium‑channel blockade: Stabilizes the inactive state of voltage‑gated Na⁺ channels, reducing high‑frequency firing of neurons. Decreases glutamate release: Modulates excitatory neurotransmission. Metabolic inhibition: Suppresses 2,3‑epoxides of phenobarbital, affecting enzyme pathways. Pharmacokinetics Absorption: Rapid, oral peak ≈ 1–2 h; high bioavailability (~80 %). Distribution: 70–80 % protein‑bound (albumin, α₁‑acid glycoprotein). Metabolism: Hepatic glucuronidation (UGT enzymes); hepatic CYP3A4 … Read more
Captopril Captopril is a first‑generation ACE (angiotensin‑converting enzyme) inhibitor developed in the 1970s. It remains a mainstay for hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy and serves as a reference point for newer ACE inhibitors. — Mechanism of Action Inhibits ACE, blocking conversion of angiotensin I → angiotensin II. Reduces angiotensin‑II–mediated vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion, decreasing … Read more