Clobetasol Clobetasol propionate is the most potent among non‑iatrogenic topical corticosteroids, commonly formulated as a 0.05 % ointment or cream for cutaneous use. Mechanism of Action Clobetasol exerts its therapeutic effect through high‑affinity binding to cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors (GR), forming a clobetasol‑GR complex that translocates to the nucleus. There, it Inhibits pro‑inflammatory transcription (e.g., IL‑1, TNF‑α, … Read more
Clindamycin Mechanism of Action Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. This action blocks peptidyl transferase, preventing the translocation of the peptidyl‑tRNA and thereby stopping elongation of the nascent polypeptide chain. It is bacteriostatic against many Gram‑positive cocci and anaerobes, and bactericidal … Read more
Claritin Mechanism of Action Claritin contains loratadine, a second‑generation histamine‑H1 receptor antagonist. Selective blockade of peripheral H1 receptors reduces mediator‑induced vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and mucus secretion. Minimal central nervous system penetration → little sedation. Metabolized to an active metabolite, desloratadine, which contributes to therapeutic activity. Pharmacokinetics Absorption: Oral bioavailability ~ 9 %; peak plasma levels … Read more
Clarithromycin Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibacterial agent widely used for respiratory, skin, and Helicobacter pylori‑associated infections. Mechanism of Action Protein synthesis inhibition: Binds reversibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit, blocking the translocation of peptide chains, thereby halting bacterial protein synthesis. Bactericidal at high concentrations; bacteriostatic at lower concentrations. Broad Gram‑positive and atypical coverage (e.g., Streptococcus … Read more
Citalopram Mechanism of Action Citalopram is a selective serotonin‑reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Primary action: Inhibits the presynaptic serotonin transporter (SERT), increasing synaptic 5‑HT concentration. Secondary effects: Modestly potentiates 5‑HT₁A receptor activity; minimal antagonism at histamine, α₁‑adrenergic, or muscarinic receptors, which accounts for its favorable side‑effect profile. Result: Enhanced serotonergic neurotransmission leads to mood elevation and anxiolysis … Read more
Ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin is a second‑generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely used for acute bacterial infections due to its broad coverage of Gram‑negative organisms and good oral bioavailability. — Mechanism of Action Ciprofloxacin interferes with bacterial DNA replication by dual inhibition of: DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II) – essential for supercoiling and unwinding of DNA. Topoisomerase IV – critical … Read more
Cipro Cipro (ciprofloxacin) is a broad‑spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic renowned for its potent antibacterial activity and favorable pharmacokinetic profile. Mechanism of Action Dual inhibition of bacterial enzymes: DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) – interferes with negative supercoiling of bacterial DNA. Topoisomerase IV – disrupts chromosomal segregation during cell division. Results in trapped cleavage complexes that prevent DNA … Read more
Cinryze Cinryze (human intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIG], 10 % IgG, 10 g/mL) is a sterile, purified IgG preparation used primarily for immune deficiency therapy and for selected allergic and immune‑mediated conditions. — Mechanism of Action Passive antibody replacement: Provides exogenous IgG that compensates for deficiencies in the patient’s own immunoglobulin pool. Neutralization of pathogens: IgG binds to bacteria, viruses, … Read more
Cimzia Mechanism of Action Cimzia (adalimumab) is a fully human IgG1 κ monoclonal antibody that selectively binds soluble and membrane‑bound tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), neutralizing its pro‑inflammatory effects. Inhibition of TNF‑α blocks its interaction with TNFR1/TNFR2, reducing NF‑κB activation and subsequent cytokine release (IL‑1, IL‑6, IFN‑γ). This leads to attenuation of immune cell infiltration, decreased synovial … Read more
Cilostazol Cilostazol is a selective phosphodiesterase‑3 (PDE3) inhibitor with antiplatelet and vasodilatory properties. It is primarily employed to alleviate intermittent claudication in peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Mechanism of Action Selective inhibition of PDE3 → ↑ intracellular cyclic‑adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Vasodilation: cAMP relaxes vascular smooth muscle in both arterial and venous beds, improving limb perfusion. Antiplatelet … Read more