Darzalex Darzalex (daratumumab) is a human IgG1κ monoclonal antibody targeting CD38, approved for treatment of multiple myeloma. It is available as an intravenous infusion (Darzalex) and a subcutaneous (SC) formulation (Darzalex Epc). — Mechanism of Action CD38 binding – Daratumumab selectively binds the highly expressed CD38 ectoenzyme on malignant plasma cells. Direct cytotoxicity Antibody‑dependent cell‑mediated cytotoxicity … Read more
Dapagliflozin Dapagliflozin is a selective sodium‑glucose co‑transporter 2 (SGLT‑2) inhibitor indicated for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and for improving cardiovascular and renal outcomes in high‑risk patients. Mechanism of Action Inhibits SGLT‑2 in the proximal renal tubules, blocking ~90 % of glucose re‑absorption. Lowers plasma glucose by increasing urinary glucose excretion (up to 60–70 g/day). Reduces intraglomerular … Read more
Dabigatran Dabigatran (brand name Pradaxa) is an orally‑active, direct thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor used primarily for stroke prevention in non‑valvular atrial fibrillation and for the treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism. — Mechanism of Action Direct, reversible inhibition of factor IIa (thrombin) by reversible binding to the catalytic site of the enzyme. Prevents conversion of … Read more
Cymbalta Mechanism of Action Cymbalta (duloxetine) is a serotonin‑norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Inhibits reuptake transporters: Serotonin transporter (SERT) – 65–84 % relative potency. Norepinephrine transporter (NET) – 20–30 % relative potency. Resulting in increased extracellular serotonin and norepinephrine at synaptic clefts. Synergistic action improves mood, pain perception, and modulates autonomic function. Pharmacokinetics Parameter Data Absorption ~78 % oral … Read more
Cyclobenzaprine Cyclobenzaprine is a centrally acting skeletal‑muscle relaxant widely prescribed for short‑term relief of acute musculoskeletal spasms. Mechanism of Action Acts primarily in the central nervous system (CNS) rather than directly on skeletal muscle tissue. Inhibits excitatory neurotransmission by blocking the serotonergic 5‑HT₂ and adrenergic α₁ receptors in the brain stem, spinal cord, and reticular … Read more
Cyanocobalamin A synthetic form of vitamin B12 used primarily to correct deficiency states and for various hematologic and neurologic disorders. Mechanism of Action Reduces methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine by functioning as a cofactor for methylmalonyl‑CoA mutase and methionine synthase, respectively. Prevents myelin sheath degradation and supports DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells. Acts as a … Read more
Crestor Mechanism of Action Rosuvastatin is a highly potent, selective inhibitor of 3‑hydroxy‑3‑methyl‑glutaryl‑CoA (HMG‑CoA) reductase, the rate‑limiting enzyme in hepatic cholesterol synthesis. By blocking this step, Crestor reduces intracellular cholesterol, up‑regulates LDL‑receptor expression, and increases clearance of low‑density lipoprotein particles (LDL‑C). The drug’s lipophilic nature allows good hepatocyte distribution and a strong, dose‑responsive plaque‑stabilizing effect … Read more
Cosentyx Cosentyx (secukinumab) is a fully human IgG1κ monoclonal antibody that selectively neutralizes interleukin‑17A (IL‑17A). Approved for plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, it represents a pivotal advance in biologic therapy for inflammatory disorders. Mechanism of Action Secukinumab binds with high affinity to circulating IL‑17A, preventing its interaction with the IL‑17 receptor (IL‑17RA/IL‑17RC) on … Read more
Coreg Mechanism of Action Coreg (carvedilol) is a non‑selective β‑adrenergic blocker with additional α₁‑blocking activity and antioxidant properties. β‑blockade: ↓ heart rate, myocardial contractility, and renin release. α₁‑blockade: ↓ systemic vascular resistance → vasodilatory effect, lowering afterload. Antioxidant: scavenges reactive oxygen species, reducing cardiac remodeling. Combined, these actions decrease myocardial oxygen demand, improve cardiac output, … Read more
Colchicine — Mechanism of Action Colchicine exerts its therapeutic effect primarily by binding tubulin and inhibiting microtubule polymerization. ↓ Neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, and degranulation. ↓ Cytokine release (IL‑1β, TNF‑α) by blocking the NLRP3 inflammasome. ↓ DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation of inflammatory cells. Result: rapid attenuation of acute inflammation in gout and familial Mediterranean fever … Read more