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Introduction/Overview Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent that has become a cornerstone of modern anesthesia and critical care practice. Since its clinical introduction in the late 1980s, it has largely supplanted older induction agents such as thiopental due to its favorable pharmacokinetic profile and rapid recovery characteristics. The drug is employed ubiquitously across diverse … Read more

1. Introduction/Overview Morphine represents the prototypical opioid analgesic and serves as the benchmark against which all other opioids are compared. Isolated from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum in the early 19th century, its introduction into medical practice marked a pivotal advancement in the management of acute and chronic severe pain. As a naturally occurring phenanthrene … Read more