Pharmacology

Pharmacology of Antiviral Drugs

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antiretroviral drugs

Introduction Antiviral pharmacology has advanced from the single-agent era of idoxuridine to a modern arsenal including polymerase terminators, protease blockers, monoclonal antibodies, and host-directed entry inhibitors. Because viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, therapy emphasises selective toxicity—halting viral replication without irreparable host harm. This page delivers a section-wise, visually enhanced overview of the major antiviral classes, mechanisms, … Read more

Pharmacotherapy of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

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Featured image on Diabetes

Introduction Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex autoimmune disorder requiring comprehensive pharmacological management throughout the patient’s lifetime. Since the discovery of insulin over a century ago, numerous advancements have dramatically improved treatment options and quality of life for individuals with T1DM. This report provides a detailed overview of current and emerging pharmacotherapies for … Read more

Broad spectrum antibiotics – Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol

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broad-spectrum antibiotics - tetracyclines

Introduction Broad-spectrum antibiotics stand at the forefront of infectious disease management, enabling healthcare professionals to effectively target a wide variety of bacterial pathogens without waiting for definitive culture results. Within this category, tetracyclines and chloramphenicol occupy unique positions in the pharmacological arsenal due to their broad coverage, distinctive mechanisms of action, and historical prominence in the treatment of critical … Read more

Pharmacotherapy of erectile dysfunction

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drugs for erectile dysfunction

Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED), defined as the consistent or recurrent inability to attain or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance, affects millions of men worldwide. Though once considered an inevitable part of aging, ED is now regarded as a potentially reversible condition with multiple underlying causes, including vascular, neurogenic, hormonal, and psychogenic factors. … Read more

Pharmacotherapy of migraine

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Migraine

Introduction Migraine is a debilitating primary headache disorder characterized by episodic attacks of throbbing or pulsating head pain, often accompanied by photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and in some cases, aura phenomena. Although once perceived purely as a vascular headache, recent advances in neuroscience underscore the neurovascular and inflammatory underpinnings of migraine. The complexity of its pathogenesis, … Read more

Pharmacology of Fibrinolytics

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fibrinolytic drugs

Introduction Fibrinolytics—also known as thrombolytics—are a specialized class of pharmacological agents that dissolve blood clots (thrombi) by catalyzing the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the main fibrinolytic enzyme. These drugs are crucial in the acute management of life-threatening conditions such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), acute ischemic stroke, and massive pulmonary embolism. By reinstating blood … Read more

Pharmacology of anticoagulants

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anticoagulants

Introduction Anticoagulants constitute an essential class of drugs used to inhibit blood coagulation, ultimately preventing or treating thromboembolic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF). By targeting specific elements in the clotting cascade—whether upstream or downstream—anticoagulants forestall the formation, propagation, or recurrence of harmful clots. However, because … Read more

Pharmacology of Antiplatelet Drugs

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Antiplatelet Drugs

Introduction Platelets play a pivotal role in hemostasis, forming plugs that stem bleeding after vascular injury. However, when platelet activity becomes dysregulated or excessive, it can precipitate arterial thrombosis, leading to pathologies such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. Antiplatelet drugs target specific steps in platelet activation and aggregation, reducing the risk of these life-threatening … Read more

What is Pharmacology? An introduction

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intro pharmacology

1 · Definition & Conceptual Overview Pharmacology is the scientific discipline that investigates how chemical agents (drugs) interact with living systems to modify physiological or biochemical functions. At its core, pharmacology seeks to explain: By integrating these perspectives, pharmacology underpins rational therapeutics — i.e., the safe and effective use of medicines in the prevention, diagnosis … Read more

Pharmacotherapy of Epilepsy

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Epilepsy - Antiepileptic drugs

Introduction Epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, affects millions of individuals worldwide (Katzung, 2020). While the underlying pathophysiology varies, epilepsy generally arises from aberrant, hypersynchronous neuronal discharges in the brain. Such episodes can manifest differently, ranging from brief lapses in awareness to severe convulsions. Pharmacotherapy remains the primary approach to controlling or reducing seizure … Read more