Pharmacology

Introduction/Overview Carbimazole represents a cornerstone in the medical management of hyperthyroidism, a condition characterized by excessive synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. As a thionamide derivative, it functions as a…

1. Introduction/Overview Levothyroxine sodium, the synthetic sodium salt of the L-isomer of thyroxine (T4), represents the cornerstone of thyroid hormone replacement therapy. As a bioidentical hormone, its pharmacology is intrinsically…

Introduction/Overview Glibenclamide, also known as glyburide in the United States, represents a cornerstone oral hypoglycemic agent within the sulfonylurea class. Its introduction marked a significant advancement in the pharmacological management…

Introduction/Overview Metformin, a dimethylbiguanide, represents a cornerstone in the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its clinical introduction in the late 1950s and subsequent widespread adoption have established it…

1. Introduction/Overview Insulin represents a cornerstone of pharmacotherapy for diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The discovery of…

Introduction/Overview Disulfiram represents a cornerstone pharmacotherapeutic agent in the management of chronic alcohol use disorder, operating through a distinctive aversive mechanism rather than by reducing craving or inducing euphoria. Originally…

Introduction/Overview Ethanol, or ethyl alcohol, is a simple two-carbon alcohol (CH3CH2OH) that represents one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances globally. Its use spans recreational, cultural, ritualistic, and, to…

Introduction/Overview Thiopental sodium, a thiobarbiturate derivative, represents a cornerstone agent in the history of intravenous anesthesia. First introduced into clinical practice in the 1930s, it revolutionized anesthetic induction by providing…

Introduction/Overview Lithium carbonate represents a cornerstone in the psychopharmacological management of mood disorders, possessing a unique therapeutic profile distinct from other psychotropic agents. Its introduction into modern psychiatry in the…

Introduction/Overview Amitriptyline, a prototypical tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), represents a cornerstone agent in psychopharmacology with a complex and multifaceted pharmacological profile. Initially synthesized in the early 1960s, its introduction marked a…