Pharmacology

Introduction/Overview Clomiphene citrate represents a cornerstone agent in the pharmacological management of female infertility, specifically for ovulation induction. As a non-steroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), its therapeutic action is predicated on a nuanced modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. The clinical importance of clomiphene citrate is substantial, given that anovulatory disorders constitute a leading etiology … Read more

Introduction/Overview Clomiphene citrate represents a cornerstone agent in the pharmacological management of anovulatory infertility. As a non-steroidal compound with selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) activity, it occupies a unique therapeutic niche by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. The clinical introduction of clomiphene citrate in the 1960s revolutionized the treatment of female infertility, providing a relatively simple … Read more

Introduction/Overview Levonorgestrel is a synthetic progestogen that represents one of the most widely utilized hormonal agents in clinical practice. As the biologically active levorotatory enantiomer of norgestrel, it possesses potent progestational and antiestrogenic activities. The clinical relevance of levonorgestrel is substantial, underpinning its use across a spectrum of reproductive health applications from contraception to therapeutic … Read more

Introduction/Overview Mifepristone, initially developed as RU-486, represents a pivotal agent in reproductive medicine and endocrinology. As a synthetic steroid derivative, it functions primarily as a competitive antagonist at progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors. Its introduction marked a significant advancement in pharmacotherapy, providing a medical alternative to surgical procedures for pregnancy termination. The clinical relevance of mifepristone … Read more

1. Introduction/Overview Finasteride represents a cornerstone therapeutic agent in the management of androgen-dependent conditions, specifically benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and androgenetic alopecia (male pattern hair loss). Its development marked a significant advancement in pharmacotherapy by introducing a targeted, mechanism-based approach to modulating androgen activity without directly antagonizing the androgen receptor. The clinical importance of finasteride … Read more

Introduction/Overview Testosterone, a primary endogenous androgen steroid hormone, serves as a cornerstone agent in endocrine pharmacology. Synthesized primarily in the Leydig cells of the testes in males, with smaller contributions from the ovaries and adrenal cortex in females, it functions as both a hormone and a therapeutic drug. The clinical pharmacology of exogenous testosterone encompasses … Read more

1. Introduction/Overview Testosterone, the principal endogenous androgen, serves as a critical hormone in mammalian physiology, orchestrating a wide array of developmental and homeostatic functions. As a steroidal compound derived from cholesterol, its pharmacological significance extends far beyond its natural endocrine role. The clinical application of exogenous testosterone and its synthetic analogs represents a cornerstone in … Read more

Introduction/Overview Triamcinolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid of significant clinical utility across multiple medical specialties. As a potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent, it occupies a central role in the management of conditions characterized by excessive inflammation, immune dysregulation, and allergic responses. Its pharmacological profile distinguishes it from other corticosteroids, particularly due to its formulation versatility … Read more

Introduction/Overview Triamcinolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid of intermediate potency that occupies a significant position in the therapeutic armamentarium for managing inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune conditions. As a derivative of prednisolone, it exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties while possessing a distinct pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile that informs its specific clinical applications. The drug is available … Read more

Introduction/Overview Betamethasone, a potent synthetic glucocorticoid, represents a cornerstone agent within the corticosteroid class of medications. Its development marked a significant advancement in therapeutic options for managing inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune conditions. As a fluorinated derivative of prednisolone, betamethasone exhibits enhanced glucocorticoid receptor affinity and reduced mineralocorticoid activity, which underpins its clinical utility and distinct … Read more