1. Introduction/Overview Hematinics constitute a fundamental class of therapeutic agents employed to correct deficiencies in essential substrates required for normal erythropoiesis. These agentsโprimarily iron, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), and folic acidโare critical for the synthesis of hemoglobin and the proper maturation of red blood cells. Deficiencies in any of these hematinic factors lead to distinct forms … Read more
Introduction/Overview The fibrinolytic system represents a crucial endogenous mechanism for the degradation of fibrin clots, maintaining vascular patency and preventing pathological thrombosis. Pharmacological modulation of this system constitutes a cornerstone in the management of thrombotic and hemorrhagic disorders. Fibrinolytic agents, often termed thrombolytics, are employed to dissolve pathological thrombi, while antifibrinolytic agents are utilized to … Read more
Introduction/Overview Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly termed a heart attack, represents a critical manifestation of acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial necrosis secondary to a sustained interruption of blood supply. The underlying pathophysiology typically involves the rupture or erosion of an atherosclerotic plaque, leading to platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation, culminating in coronary artery thrombosis. The … Read more
๐ Table of Contents Introduction to Diuretics Nephron Physiology โ A Quick Review Classification of Diuretics Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Osmotic Diuretics Loop Diuretics Thiazide & Thiazide-Like Diuretics Potassium-Sparing Diuretics ADH Antagonists (Vaptans) Comparative Analysis Electrolyte Disturbances Clinical Applications & Guidelines Drug Interactions Special Populations Key Takeaways ๐ง 1. Introduction to Diuretics Diuretics are a class … Read more
๐ Table of Contents Introduction to Anticoagulants The Coagulation Cascade โ A Quick Review Classification of Anticoagulants Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWH) Warfarin & Coumarin Derivatives Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) Other Anticoagulants Comparative Analysis Monitoring & Reversal Clinical Scenarios & Guidelines Drug Interactions Special Populations Key Takeaways ๐ฉธ 1. Introduction to Anticoagulants … Read more
Introduction/Overview Angina pectoris, characterized by transient chest discomfort due to myocardial ischemia, represents a cardinal manifestation of coronary artery disease. The underlying pathophysiology involves an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Pharmacological management aims to correct this imbalance, alleviate symptoms, improve exercise tolerance, and reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. The selection of … Read more
1. Introduction/Overview The therapeutic use of naturally derived substances, encompassing vitamins and a broad category of compounds termed nutraceuticals, represents a significant and complex domain within clinical pharmacology. This field bridges nutritional science and pharmacotherapy, involving agents that may be consumed as dietary components but are often administered at doses exceeding nutritional requirements to elicit … Read more
1. Introduction/Overview The field of pharmacology has traditionally concerned itself with the actions of exogenous small molecules and biologics on physiological systems. Gene therapy represents a paradigm shift, wherein the therapeutic agent is nucleic acid material designed to modify the expression of a patient’s genes or to correct genetic defects. This approach moves treatment from … Read more
1. Introduction/Overview The pharmacological modulation of the immune system represents a cornerstone of modern therapeutics, extending beyond traditional antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory strategies. Immunostimulants, a diverse class of agents, are designed to enhance or potentiate specific or non-specific immune responses. Their development and clinical integration have been propelled by advances in immunology, molecular biology, and biotechnology, … Read more
1. Introduction/Overview The pharmacology of dermatological agents encompasses a diverse array of therapeutic compounds administered both topically and systemically to manage diseases of the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes. The skin, as the largest organ of the human body, presents a unique therapeutic challenge and opportunity due to its function as a protective barrier. … Read more