Pharmacology

Introduction/Overview Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic derived from lincomycin through chemical modification, which significantly enhanced its antibacterial activity and oral bioavailability. Since its introduction into clinical practice, clindamycin has maintained…

Introduction/Overview Erythromycin represents a cornerstone macrolide antibiotic, first isolated in 1952 from the soil bacterium Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Its discovery marked a significant advancement in antimicrobial therapy, providing a bacteriostatic alternative…

Introduction/Overview Clarithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin, developed to overcome the limitations of its parent compound, particularly its instability in gastric acid and frequent dosing schedule. Since…

Introduction/Overview Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent belonging to the tetracycline class. It represents a cornerstone in the therapeutic armamentarium against a diverse array of bacterial pathogens and certain parasitic…

Introduction/Overview Meropenem is a broad-spectrum, bactericidal carbapenem antibiotic integral to the management of serious and life-threatening bacterial infections. Its development represented a significant advancement in antimicrobial therapy, offering enhanced stability…

Introduction/Overview Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent belonging to the third-generation cephalosporin class. Since its introduction in the late 1970s, it has maintained a significant role in the empirical…

Introduction/Overview Cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that occupies a fundamental position in antimicrobial therapy. Since its introduction in the late 1960s, it has remained a cornerstone agent for treating…

Introduction/Overview Cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has maintained a significant role in clinical practice since its introduction. Its development represented a pivotal advancement in antimicrobial therapy, offering a…

Introduction/Overview Clavulanic acid represents a pivotal advancement in antimicrobial chemotherapy, functioning not as a conventional antibiotic but as a β-lactamase inhibitor. Its development addressed the escalating clinical challenge of bacterial…

Introduction/Overview Clavulanic acid represents a pivotal advancement in antimicrobial chemotherapy, functioning not as a conventional antibiotic but as a strategic agent that potentiates the activity of beta-lactam antibiotics against resistant…