Pharmacology of Paracetamol/Acetaminophen
Introduction Paracetamol—known as acetaminophen in some regions—is one of the most widely used analgesics…
Aspirin: A Comprehensive Pharmacological Overview
Aspirin, scientifically known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a cornerstone in the…
Understanding Cyclooxygenase (COX) Enzymes
Cyclooxygenase (COX), which is also called prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme…
Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines
Introduction Benzodiazepines are a cornerstone of modern pharmacotherapy for anxiety, insomnia, seizure disorders, muscle spasms, and…
Pharmacology of Antitussives
Introduction A cough is one of the most common clinical symptoms that prompts patients…
Pharmacology of antiemetic drugs
Introduction Nausea and vomiting are protective reflexes designed to prevent the ingestion…
Pharmacology of Mucosal Protective Agents
Introduction Peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and other erosive…
Pharmacology of Antacids
Introduction Antacids represent one of the oldest and most commonly used groups of…
Pharmacology of H2 Receptor Antagonists
Introduction H2 receptor antagonists, also known as H2 blockers, are a class…
Antimicrobial Resistance and its mechanisms
Introduction to Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health issue…
