Pharmacology

Introduction/Overview Voriconazole represents a cornerstone in the therapeutic armamentarium against invasive fungal infections, a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patient populations. As a second-generation synthetic triazole antifungal…

Introduction/Overview Itraconazole represents a cornerstone in the systemic management of a broad spectrum of fungal infections. As a synthetic triazole antifungal agent, its development marked a significant advancement over earlier…

Introduction/Overview Nystatin represents a cornerstone antifungal agent within the polyene macrolide class, primarily employed for the management of superficial fungal infections caused by Candida species. Isolated in 1950 from the…

Introduction/Overview Clofazimine is a synthetic riminophenazine antibiotic with a distinctive profile in antimicrobial chemotherapy. Initially developed in the 1950s for tuberculosis, its primary clinical utility was established in the treatment…

Introduction/Overview Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces fradiae. First isolated in 1949, it has occupied a significant, though increasingly specialized, niche in antimicrobial therapy for over seven decades.…

Introduction/Overview Streptomycin, derived from the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus, represents the first discovered aminoglycoside antibiotic and a landmark agent in antimicrobial chemotherapy. Its introduction in the mid-20th century provided the…

Introduction/Overview Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic antimicrobial agent with a distinctive chemical structure and a highly specific clinical utility. Since its introduction into clinical practice in the 1950s, it has maintained…

Introduction/Overview Norfloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent belonging to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics. It represents a significant advancement in antimicrobial therapy, particularly for the management of infections caused by…

Introduction/Overview Levofloxacin represents a cornerstone antimicrobial agent within the fluoroquinolone class, distinguished by its broad-spectrum activity and favorable pharmacokinetic profile. As the pharmacologically active L-isomer of ofloxacin, it exhibits approximately…

Introduction/Overview Linezolid represents a synthetic antimicrobial agent belonging to the oxazolidinone class, developed to address the escalating challenge of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections. Its clinical introduction in the early 21st…