Pharmacology

Introduction/Overview Oseltamivir phosphate represents a cornerstone antiviral agent in the management and prophylaxis of influenza virus infections. As a potent and selective inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase, its development marked a…

Introduction/Overview Propranolol hydrochloride represents a foundational agent in the pharmacotherapeutic arsenal, being the first clinically successful beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. Its introduction in the 1960s marked a paradigm shift in the management…

Introduction/Overview Prazosin is a quinazoline derivative that represents a significant milestone in cardiovascular and autonomic pharmacology as the first clinically available selective antagonist of postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors. Its introduction marked…

Introduction/Overview Prazosin is a quinazoline derivative that represents the first clinically useful, selective antagonist of postsynaptic alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. Its introduction in the 1970s marked a significant advancement in antihypertensive…

Introduction/Overview Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid derived from plants of the Solanaceae family, notably Datura stramonium (jimson weed) and species of Scopolia and Hyoscyamus. As a…

Introduction/Overview Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid derived from plants of the Solanaceae family, notably Datura stramonium and Scopolia carniolica. As a prototypical antimuscarinic agent, it competitively…

1. Introduction/Overview Atropine, a naturally occurring tropane alkaloid, represents the prototypical antimuscarinic agent and serves as a cornerstone in the pharmacological management of conditions characterized by excessive parasympathetic activity. Originally…

Introduction/Overview Organophosphates represent a class of chemicals with profound pharmacological and toxicological significance. Originally developed as insecticides and later adapted for chemical warfare, these compounds exert their primary effects through…

Introduction/Overview Griseofulvin represents a significant historical milestone in the development of systemic antifungal therapy. Isolated from the mold Penicillium griseofulvum in 1939, its antifungal properties were not recognized until the…

Introduction/Overview Terbinafine represents a cornerstone agent in the modern pharmacotherapy of superficial fungal infections. As a synthetic allylamine antifungal, it has established a primary role in the management of dermatophytoses,…