Pharmacology

1. Introduction/Overview Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by fluctuating, fatigable weakness of skeletal muscles. The condition results from an antibody-mediated attack on postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors…

Introduction/Overview Glaucoma represents a group of progressive optic neuropathies characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and associated visual field loss. Elevated intraocular pressure remains the primary modifiable risk factor,…

1. Introduction/Overview Glaucoma represents a group of progressive optic neuropathies characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and corresponding visual field loss. Elevated intraocular pressure remains the primary modifiable risk…

Introduction/Overview Ganglionic blockers constitute a class of pharmacological agents that inhibit neurotransmission within autonomic ganglia. These drugs act as antagonists at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) located on postganglionic neurons in…

Introduction/Overview Beta-adrenergic blockers, commonly termed beta-blockers, represent a cornerstone class of therapeutic agents in cardiovascular medicine and beyond. These drugs function as competitive antagonists at beta-adrenergic receptors, thereby modulating the…

Introduction/Overview Alpha adrenergic blocking agents, commonly termed alpha blockers, constitute a fundamental class of drugs that antagonize the physiological effects mediated by catecholamines at alpha adrenergic receptors. These receptors are…

Introduction/Overview Alpha adrenergic blockers, also known as alpha antagonists, constitute a fundamental class of drugs that inhibit the action of catecholamines at alpha adrenergic receptors. These receptors are integral components…

Introduction/Overview Sympathomimetic agents constitute a fundamental class of drugs that mimic or enhance the actions of endogenous catecholamines, primarily norepinephrine and epinephrine, at adrenergic receptors. These agents are integral to…

Introduction/Overview Anticholinergic agents, also referred to as muscarinic receptor antagonists or parasympatholytics, constitute a fundamental class of drugs in clinical medicine. These compounds exert their primary therapeutic and adverse effects…

Introduction/Overview Parasympathomimetics, also termed cholinomimetics, constitute a class of pharmacological agents that mimic or potentiate the actions of the endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at effector organs of the parasympathetic nervous…