Pharmacology

Introduction/Overview The pharmacology of drugs of abuse encompasses the study of substances that are used non-medically for their psychoactive effects, leading to a high potential for dependence and addiction. This…

Introduction/Overview The pharmacological modulation of central nervous system (CNS) arousal and cognitive function represents a critical area of therapeutics with applications spanning neuropsychiatry, neurology, and general medicine. CNS stimulants and…

Introduction/Overview Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants and nootropics constitute a pharmacologically diverse group of agents that enhance cortical arousal, attention, and cognitive function. These drugs hold significant clinical importance in…

Introduction/Overview Alzheimer’s disease represents the most prevalent form of dementia, characterized by progressive neurodegeneration leading to cognitive decline, functional impairment, and behavioral disturbances. The pharmacological management of this condition is…

Introduction/Overview Parkinsonism constitutes a clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal motor features of bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. The most prevalent cause is idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), a…

Introduction/Overview Parkinsonism constitutes a clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal motor features of bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. While idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent cause,…

Introduction/Overview Barbiturates represent a historic class of central nervous system depressant drugs whose clinical use has been largely supplanted by safer alternatives, yet whose pharmacological principles remain foundational to neuropharmacology.…

Introduction/Overview Barbiturates represent a historic class of central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs, first introduced into clinical practice in the early 20th century. These agents were once the cornerstone of…

1. Introduction/Overview Sedative-hypnotic agents constitute a critical class of psychoactive drugs primarily employed to induce sedation, reduce anxiety, and promote sleep. These compounds exert a dose-dependent continuum of central nervous…

Introduction/Overview Myasthenia gravis represents a prototypical autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction, characterized by fatigable weakness of skeletal muscles. The fundamental pathophysiology involves autoantibodies directed against postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,…