Pharmacology

1. Introduction/Overview Antiplatelet drugs constitute a cornerstone of pharmacotherapy for the prevention and treatment of arterial thrombotic events. These agents function by inhibiting platelet activation, adhesion, or aggregation, thereby impeding…

Introduction/Overview The management of dyslipidemia represents a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Hypolipidemic drugs, also termed lipid-lowering agents, comprise a diverse group of pharmacological…

1. Introduction/Overview Dyslipidemia represents a major modifiable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. The pharmacological management of dyslipidemia, primarily through the…

Introduction/Overview Antiarrhythmic drugs constitute a critical therapeutic class designed to suppress or prevent abnormal cardiac rhythms, known as arrhythmias. These disorders of cardiac impulse formation or conduction can range from…

Introduction/Overview Cardiac arrhythmias represent a diverse group of disorders characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the heart, leading to disturbances in rate, rhythm, or sequence of cardiac depolarization. The pharmacological…

1. Introduction/Overview Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, represents a critical medical emergency characterized by the irreversible necrosis of cardiac myocytes secondary to prolonged ischemia. This event…

1. Introduction/Overview The pharmacological induction of vasodilation represents a cornerstone therapeutic strategy in the management of numerous cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular disorders. Vasodilators are a heterogeneous group of agents that act…

1. Introduction/Overview Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) represent a major class of cardiovascular drugs that inhibit the transmembrane influx of calcium ions through voltage-gated L-type calcium channels. The therapeutic utility of…

1. Introduction/Overview The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) constitutes a critical hormonal cascade that regulates blood pressure, fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. Its dysregulation is implicated in the pathophysiology of several major…

Introduction/Overview The pharmacology of drugs of abuse represents a critical intersection of neurobiology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical medicine. Substance use disorders constitute a major public health burden, characterized by a compulsive…