Pharmacology

Introduction/Overview Histamine, a biogenic amine synthesized from the amino acid L-histidine, functions as a critical mediator in physiological and pathological processes. Its actions are primarily mediated through four distinct G-protein-coupled…

Introduction/Overview Gout represents a common and complex form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and other tissues, resulting from chronic hyperuricemia. The condition…

Introduction/Overview Gout is a common inflammatory arthritis characterized by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and other tissues, resulting from chronic hyperuricemia. The condition manifests as recurrent, intensely…

1. Introduction/Overview Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, progressive joint destruction, and significant functional disability. The pharmacological management of RA has been…

1. Introduction/Overview The management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and related autoimmune inflammatory arthropathies represents a cornerstone of clinical rheumatology and pharmacotherapy. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) constitute the primary pharmacological intervention…

Introduction/Overview Hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) are a class of endogenous glycoproteins and their recombinant analogs that regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and functional activity of blood cell lineages. The clinical development…

1. Introduction/Overview Hematinics constitute a fundamental class of therapeutic agents essential for the synthesis of hemoglobin and the normal maturation of erythrocytes. These substances, primarily comprising iron, vitamin B12 (cobalamin),…

1. Introduction/Overview The fibrinolytic system represents a crucial endogenous mechanism for the removal of intravascular fibrin clots, thereby maintaining vascular patency. Pharmacological modulation of this system constitutes a cornerstone in…

Introduction/Overview Antiplatelet drugs constitute a cornerstone of pharmacotherapy for the prevention and management of atherothrombotic events. These agents function by inhibiting platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation, thereby impeding the formation…

Introduction/Overview The fibrinolytic system represents a critical endogenous mechanism for the removal of intravascular fibrin deposits, thereby maintaining vascular patency. Pharmacological modulation of this system constitutes a cornerstone in the…