Pharmacology & Toxicology

1. Introduction The hepatotoxic effects of ethanol represent a principal cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, encompassing a spectrum of pathology from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The…

1. Introduction The concurrent administration of multiple pharmacotherapeutic agents is a cornerstone of modern medical practice, particularly in the management of complex, multi-morbid conditions. This polypharmacy, while often necessary, inherently…