Pharmacology & Toxicology

1. Introduction The hepatotoxic effects of ethanol represent a principal cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, encompassing a spectrum of pathology from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The biochemical pathways underlying this toxicity are complex and multifactorial, involving direct metabolic injury, generation of toxic intermediates, and profound perturbations in cellular redox states, lipid … Read more

1. Introduction The concurrent administration of multiple pharmacotherapeutic agents is a cornerstone of modern medical practice, particularly in the management of complex, multi-morbid conditions. This polypharmacy, while often necessary, inherently elevates the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). A drug-drug interaction is defined as a pharmacological or clinical response to the administration of a drug combination … Read more