General Medicine

1. Introduction The association between tobacco smoke and pulmonary pathology represents one of the most consequential and well-established etiological relationships in modern medicine. Smoking-related diseases, principally lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), constitute a major global burden of morbidity and mortality, with profound implications for public health, clinical practice, and pharmacological intervention. The … Read more

1. Introduction Colorectal cancer represents a major global health burden, ranking as the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The disease encompasses neoplasms arising from the epithelial lining of the colon and rectum, with adenocarcinoma constituting the predominant histological subtype. Colonoscopy, an endoscopic procedure allowing direct visualization … Read more

1. Introduction Breast cancer represents a significant global health burden, being the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. The management of breast cancer has evolved from a focus on treatment of established disease to a paradigm that increasingly emphasizes early detection and primary prevention. This shift is predicated on the understanding that outcomes are … Read more

1. Introduction The prostate gland, a central component of the male reproductive system, presents a spectrum of health challenges that increase in prevalence with age. Its primary physiological functions are intimately linked to androgen signaling, a relationship that underpins both normal physiology and the pathogenesis of its most common disorders. The clinical and pharmacological management … Read more

1. Introduction Infertility represents a significant global health challenge, defined clinically as the failure to achieve a successful pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. This condition affects an estimated 8–12% of reproductive-aged couples worldwide, with prevalence exhibiting considerable geographic and socioeconomic variation. The management of infertility sits at the complex … Read more

1. Introduction Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent, inflammatory gynecological disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity. This ectopic tissue, composed of glands and stroma, responds to hormonal fluctuations, leading to cyclical bleeding, inflammation, fibrosis, and the formation of adhesions. The condition is a principal cause of pelvic pain and infertility, … Read more

1. Introduction Fibromyalgia represents a paradigmatic and complex chronic pain syndrome characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive dysfunction, often accompanied by a spectrum of somatic symptoms. Its classification as a central sensitivity syndrome underscores a fundamental shift in understanding chronic pain, moving from a purely peripheral nociceptive model to one emphasizing … Read more

1. Introduction The thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped endocrine organ situated anterior to the trachea, is a frequent site for nodular growth. Thyroid nodules are discrete lesions within the thyroid parenchyma that are radiologically distinct from the surrounding tissue. Their clinical significance stems primarily from the need to exclude malignancy, as a subset of these nodules … Read more

1. Introduction Cholesterol management represents a cornerstone of preventive cardiology and clinical pharmacology, focusing on the modulation of circulating lipid levels to mitigate the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The concept encompasses a broad spectrum of interventions, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and in some cases, procedural interventions, all aimed at correcting dyslipidemia. The ultimate … Read more

1. Introduction First aid and emergency care constitute the initial assessment and intervention provided to an individual suffering from acute illness or injury. The primary objective is to preserve life, prevent further harm, and promote recovery until definitive medical treatment is available. This domain operates at the critical intersection of basic medical principles and advanced … Read more