General Medicine

1. Introduction Micronutrient deficiencies represent a significant global health burden with profound implications for individual and public health. These conditions, characterized by suboptimal levels of essential vitamins and minerals, disrupt fundamental biochemical and physiological processes. Among the spectrum of potential deficiencies, those involving vitamin D, vitamin B12, and iron are particularly prevalent and clinically consequential … Read more

1. Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders among individuals of reproductive age, with a global prevalence estimated between 6% and 20%, depending on the diagnostic criteria applied and the population studied. The syndrome is characterized by a heterogeneous constellation of signs and symptoms, primarily involving reproductive, metabolic, and … Read more

1. Introduction Sleep disorders represent a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by disturbances in the quality, timing, or duration of sleep, resulting in daytime impairment and distress. Among these, insomnia disorder is the most prevalent, defined as a persistent difficulty with sleep initiation, duration, consolidation, or quality that occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep. The … Read more

1. Introduction Fatty liver disease, characterized by the pathological accumulation of triglycerides within hepatocytes, represents a spectrum of hepatic disorders with significant global health implications. The condition ranges from simple, non-progressive steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which involves inflammation, hepatocyte injury, and fibrosis, and can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Historically considered a benign … Read more

1. Introduction Dementia represents a syndrome characterized by a significant decline in cognitive function from a previous level of performance, severe enough to interfere with independence in daily activities. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) constitutes the most common cause of dementia, accounting for an estimated 60-80% of cases. This progressive neurodegenerative disorder is defined by specific neuropathological … Read more

1. Introduction Erectile dysfunction represents a prevalent medical condition characterized by the persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. The study of this disorder sits at a critical intersection of urology, endocrinology, cardiology, pharmacology, and psychiatry, making it a quintessential model for integrated medical education. Historically, erectile dysfunction was … Read more

1. Introduction The menopausal transition represents a universal biological milestone in the human female lifespan, marking the permanent cessation of ovarian follicular activity and menstruation. This endocrinological event is not a discrete moment but a protracted process, the culmination of which is defined retrospectively after 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea. The associated symptomatology arises from … Read more

1. Introduction Pregnancy and prenatal care constitute a foundational domain in medical and pharmaceutical practice, integrating principles from physiology, pharmacology, obstetrics, and preventive medicine. Prenatal care is defined as the comprehensive health supervision provided to a pregnant individual from conception until the onset of labor, aimed at optimizing outcomes for both the parent and fetus. … Read more

1. Introduction The integumentary system, comprising the skin and its appendages, serves as the primary physical barrier against environmental insults. Disorders of this system, including eczema, psoriasis, and acne, represent a significant proportion of global disease burden, with profound implications for patient quality of life, mental health, and healthcare economics. These conditions, while distinct in … Read more

1. Introduction Stroke represents a critical cerebrovascular event characterized by the acute onset of neurological deficit due to focal injury of the central nervous system. It constitutes a leading cause of mortality and long-term adult disability globally, imposing a substantial burden on healthcare systems. The clinical and pharmacological management of stroke is predicated on a … Read more