Experimental Pharmacology

1. Introduction The study of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsions represents a cornerstone in experimental neuropharmacology and epilepsy research. This model involves the administration of a chemical convulsant, pentylenetetrazol, to laboratory animals…

1. Introduction The Maximal Electroshock (MES) test represents a cornerstone experimental model in preclinical neuropharmacology and epilepsy research. This procedure involves the application of a supramaximal electrical stimulus across the…

1. Introduction The Maximal Electroshock Seizure (MES) model represents a cornerstone experimental paradigm in neuropharmacology and the preclinical development of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). This model involves the application of a…

1. Introduction/Overview The pharmacological management of pain and the humane termination of life are fundamental responsibilities in biomedical research involving laboratory animals. The use of anesthetic and euthanasia agents is…

1. Introduction/Overview The pharmacological management of pain and the humane induction of death are fundamental ethical and scientific obligations in biomedical research involving laboratory animals. The use of anesthetic and…

1. Introduction Blood collection from laboratory animals constitutes a fundamental procedural skill in preclinical biomedical research, pharmacology, and toxicology. These techniques enable the serial or terminal acquisition of biological samples…

1. Introduction Blood collection from laboratory animals represents a fundamental procedural skill in biomedical research, pharmacology, and toxicology. These techniques enable the serial or terminal acquisition of biological samples for…

Introduction/Overview The selection and proper execution of a drug administration route constitute a fundamental clinical skill, directly influencing therapeutic efficacy, safety, and patient adherence. The route of administration determines the…

1. Introduction The use of animals in biomedical research and pharmaceutical development represents a cornerstone of scientific advancement, yet it is accompanied by profound ethical responsibilities. Ethical guidelines and the…

1. Introduction The use of animals in biomedical research represents a cornerstone of pharmacological and medical advancement. The ethical and scientific validity of such research is fundamentally dependent on the…