Experimental Pharmacology

Introduction/Overview The evaluation of renal function and the pharmacological modulation of urine output constitute a fundamental area of experimental and clinical pharmacology. Among the various in vivo assays developed, the…

1. Introduction The conditioned avoidance response (CAR) represents a fundamental paradigm in behavioral pharmacology and experimental psychology, serving as a critical tool for investigating learning, memory, and the neuropharmacological basis…

1. Introduction The conditioned avoidance response (CAR) represents a fundamental paradigm in behavioral pharmacology for assessing the effects of psychoactive compounds, particularly those with potential antipsychotic activity. This instrumental learning…

1. Introduction The assessment of motor function represents a cornerstone in both neurological research and the preclinical evaluation of pharmacological agents. Among the various behavioral paradigms developed, the Rotarod test…

1. Introduction The quantitative assessment of motor function represents a cornerstone in both preclinical neurological research and clinical pharmacology. Among the various behavioral paradigms developed, the Rotarod test has emerged…

1. Introduction The evaluation of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes, specifically through the tail-flick and paw-withdrawal tests, constitutes a cornerstone of preclinical pain research and analgesic drug development. These behavioral assays provide…

1. Introduction The evaluation of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes represents a cornerstone of preclinical analgesic research. These behavioral assays provide quantifiable, objective measures of an organism's response to a controlled noxious…

1. Introduction The study of ciliary movements in the frog esophagus represents a fundamental model system in physiology and pharmacology for understanding mucociliary clearance mechanisms. This preparation provides a robust,…

1. Introduction/Overview The frog rectus abdominis muscle preparation represents a classical and enduring model in experimental pharmacology and physiology. This isolated tissue preparation, typically sourced from amphibians such as Rana…

1. Introduction/Overview The isolated frog rectus abdominis muscle preparation represents a classical and enduring model in experimental pharmacology. Its historical and contemporary utility stems from its unique physiological properties, which…