Drugs Used as Mood Stabilizers
Introduction Mood disorders—including bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and certain forms of unipolar depression—are chronic and debilitating mental health conditions. Characterized by pathologic mood swings, from manic or hypomanic states to…
Immunomodulators and a focus on immunosuppressants
Immunomodulators are drugs that can either suppress or enhance the activity of the immune system. These are two types: Introduction Immunosuppressants comprise a diverse group of drugs that inhibit or modulate…
Tuberculosis and Its Treatment
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health threat, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), a slow-growing, aerobic, acid-fast bacillus with a unique, lipid-rich cell wall conferring virulence and intrinsic drug resistance. Diagnosis…
Bronchial Asthma and its Treatment
Asthma Bronchial asthma is a condition characterized by bronchial hyperreactivity and inflammation. The activation of IgE bound to mast cells by the antigen leads to the degranulation of mast cells,…
Alzheimer’s Disease and treatment
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by amyloid and tau protein pathology that leads to gradual decline in memory, function, and behavior; management combines accurate staging, symptomatic cognitive…
Pharmacotherapy of Cough
Introduction Cough—an involuntary, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs—is one of the most frequent symptoms leading to medical consultation. As a physiologic reflex, cough serves as the body's first…
Anti-manic drugs: Lithium and others
Introduction Mania is a hallmark feature of bipolar disorder and is characterized by heightened mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, grandiosity, and, often, impulsive or reckless behaviors. During manic episodes,…
Antidepressant Drugs: A brief note
Brief Summary Drugs can increase monoaminergic transmission by inhibiting the metabolism or reuptake of neurotransmitters such as serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA). MAO Inhibitors Reuptake Inhibitors I. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic…
Pharmacology of Antianxiety Drugs
Introduction Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health conditions globally, encompassing generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, social anxiety, phobias, and more. Characterized by excessive worry, fear, and…
Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Drugs
Introduction The field of antipsychotic pharmacology continues to evolve as our understanding of the central nervous system advances. Antipsychotic drugs, also known as neuroleptics, are primarily used to manage psychotic disorders such…
