Chapters and Topics in General Pharmacology
Introduction to General Pharmacology General pharmacology covers the fundamental principles of pharmacology, including Drug discovery and development, Souces of Drugs, Dosage forms, Routes of drug administration, Pharmacokinetics, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Drug interactions and Adverse drug reactions…
Factors Affecting Oral Drug Absorption and its Bioavailability
Oral drug absorption is a critical process that determines the efficacy and safety of a medication. The bioavailability of a drug depends on various factors, including physical properties, dosage forms,…
A Comparison with the Adrenaline/Epinephrine-Induced Fight, Flight and Fright Response
Understanding the action of drugs on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can be simplified by drawing a comparison with the adrenaline/epinephrine-induced fight, flight, and fright response. This response, also known…
Drugs Used as Mood Stabilizers
Introduction Mood disorders—including bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and certain forms of unipolar depression—are chronic and debilitating mental health conditions. Characterized by pathologic mood swings, from manic or hypomanic states to…
Immunomodulators and a focus on immunosuppressants
Immunomodulators are drugs that can either suppress or enhance the activity of the immune system. These are two types: Introduction Immunosuppressants comprise a diverse group of drugs that inhibit or modulate…
Tuberculosis and Its Treatment
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health threat, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), a slow-growing, aerobic, acid-fast bacillus with a unique, lipid-rich cell wall conferring virulence and intrinsic drug resistance. Diagnosis…
Bronchial Asthma and its Treatment
Asthma Bronchial asthma is a condition characterized by bronchial hyperreactivity and inflammation. The activation of IgE bound to mast cells by the antigen leads to the degranulation of mast cells,…
Alzheimer’s Disease and treatment
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by amyloid and tau protein pathology that leads to gradual decline in memory, function, and behavior; management combines accurate staging, symptomatic cognitive…
Pharmacotherapy of Cough
Introduction Cough—an involuntary, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs—is one of the most frequent symptoms leading to medical consultation. As a physiologic reflex, cough serves as the body's first…
Anti-manic drugs: Lithium and others
Introduction Mania is a hallmark feature of bipolar disorder and is characterized by heightened mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, grandiosity, and, often, impulsive or reckless behaviors. During manic episodes,…
