Antimicrobial Resistance and its mechanisms
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the process by which microorganisms evolve to withstand the effects of drugs that were once effective against them. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance is vital for…
Antibiotic Stewardship: A Complete Overview for Healthcare Professionals
Antibiotic stewardship refers to coordinated interventions designed to improve and measure the appropriate use of antibiotics by promoting the selection of the optimal antibiotic regimen including dosing, duration, and route…
Glaucoma, pathophysiology, treatment and other information
Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy characterized by retinal ganglion cell loss and characteristic optic nerve/visual field damage in which lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) slows progression across open‑angle, angle‑closure,…
Drugs Used for Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Overview Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) encompasses ulceration of the gastric or duodenal mucosa due to an imbalance between aggressive factors (gastric acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori, bile, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs…
Pharmacology of Proton Pump Inhibitors
Introduction Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have revolutionized the management of acid-related gastrointestinal (GI) disorders by rendering potent and long-lasting suppression of gastric acid secretion. Introduced in the late twentieth century, PPIs—exemplified by omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, esomeprazole, and dexlansoprazole—effectively mitigate gastric hyperacidity,…
Pharmacopoeias and Formularies
Pharmacopoeias and formularies are two types of drug compendia commonly used in the healthcare sector. Government-published official compendia that have legal status are Pharmacopoeias. They contain information on officially approved…
Drug Compendia: An Overview
Drug compendia refer to comprehensive collections of information on drugs presented in the form of monographs. These monographs typically contain detailed descriptions of drugs, including their indications, contraindications, dosage forms,…
Angina Pectoris: A Comprehensive Guide
Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. This article provides a detailed exploration of angina pectoris, including…
Treatment of Angina Pectoris: A Comprehensive Guide
Pharmacologic treatment of angina pectoris relies on antianginal agents that improve the myocardial oxygen supply–demand balance for symptom control and on adjunctive therapies tailored to mechanism (obstructive, vasospastic, microvascular), heart…
Ischemic Heart Disease: Causes, signs and treatment options
1. Definition & Epidemiology Ischemic heart disease (IHD)—also called coronary artery disease (CAD)—is defined by impaired blood supply (ischemia) to the myocardium, usually due to narrowing or obstruction of the coronary…
