Pharmacotherapy of migraine
Introduction Migraine is a debilitating primary headache disorder characterized by episodic attacks of throbbing or pulsating head pain, often accompanied by photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and in some cases, aura phenomena.…
Pharmacology of Fibrinolytics
Introduction Fibrinolytics—also known as thrombolytics—are a specialized class of pharmacological agents that dissolve blood clots (thrombi) by catalyzing the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the main fibrinolytic enzyme. These drugs…
Pharmacology of anticoagulants
Introduction Anticoagulants constitute an essential class of drugs used to inhibit blood coagulation, ultimately preventing or treating thromboembolic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and stroke in…
Pharmacology of Antiplatelet Drugs
Introduction Platelets play a pivotal role in hemostasis, forming plugs that stem bleeding after vascular injury. However, when platelet activity becomes dysregulated or excessive, it can precipitate arterial thrombosis, leading…
What is Pharmacology? An introduction
1 · Definition & Conceptual Overview Pharmacology is the scientific discipline that investigates how chemical agents (drugs) interact with living systems to modify physiological or biochemical functions. At its core,…
Pharmacotherapy of Epilepsy
Introduction Epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, affects millions of individuals worldwide (Katzung, 2020). While the underlying pathophysiology varies, epilepsy generally arises from aberrant, hypersynchronous neuronal discharges…
Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Introduction Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) encompasses the formation of ulcers in the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer), primarily caused by gastric acid hypersecretion and/or compromised defense of the gastric and duodenal mucosa. While Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection…
Pharmacotherapy of Bronchial Asthma
Introduction Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness, variable airflow obstruction, and repeated episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and dyspnea. This condition affects more than 300 million people worldwide, imposing a significant…
Pharmacotherapy of Cough
Introduction Cough is a protective reflex integral to clearing the airways of irritants, secretions, and foreign matter. Without a properly functioning cough mechanism, the risk of airway obstruction, infection, and subsequent respiratory complications increases significantly. Despite…
Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson’s Disease
Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized predominantly by motor symptoms including bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. These cardinal clinical features trace back to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced dopamine levels…
