1. Introduction/Overview The discovery and development of psychopharmacological agents, particularly antidepressants, rely heavily on validated preclinical behavioral models. Among these, the Forced Swim Test (FST) and the Tail Suspension Test (TST) represent two of the most widely employed and historically significant paradigms for the initial screening of potential antidepressant activity. These tests are not diagnostic … Read more

1. Introduction Bioassay represents a fundamental technique in quantitative pharmacology for estimating the concentration or potency of a physiologically active substance by measuring its biological effect on living tissue, organ, or whole organism. The methodology is indispensable for substances like acetylcholine and histamine, which are autacoids with critical roles in physiological and pathological processes but … Read more

1. Introduction The administration of medicinal substances directly into the systemic circulation via parenteral routes bypasses the body’s primary defensive barriers. Consequently, ensuring the sterility and apyrogenicity of injectable preparations is a fundamental requirement of pharmaceutical quality control. Pyrogens, fever-inducing substances, represent a significant risk to patient safety, capable of provoking severe systemic inflammatory reactions. … Read more

1. Introduction Histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig represents a cornerstone experimental model in respiratory pharmacology. This paradigm involves the administration of histamine, a key inflammatory mediator, to provoke a measurable constriction of the lower airways, simulating a critical feature of human asthma and allergic airway disease. The model’s enduring utility stems from the guinea … Read more

1. Introduction/Overview The Straub Tail phenomenon represents a classic and distinctive behavioral sign observed in preclinical pharmacology, serving as a reliable and specific biomarker for opioid agonist activity, particularly that mediated through mu opioid receptors. First described by Wilhelm Straub in 1911 following the administration of morphine to mice, this response is characterized by a … Read more

Introduction The administration of medicinal products via the parenteral route bypasses the body’s primary defensive barriers, necessitating an exceptionally high standard of purity and safety. Among the critical safety parameters for injectable formulations is the absence of pyrogenic substances, which are fever-inducing agents. The Rabbit Pyrogen Test (RPT) represents a classical in vivo biological assay … Read more

1. Introduction/Overview The evaluation of hypnotic and sedative agents requires precise, reproducible, and clinically translatable preclinical models. Among these, the righting reflex study, often termed the loss of righting reflex (LORR) assay, serves as a fundamental and gold-standard behavioral paradigm for quantifying the onset, intensity, and duration of central nervous system (CNS) depression induced by … Read more

1. Introduction The evaluation of antipyretic agents represents a fundamental component of pharmacological research and drug development. Among the various experimental models employed, the induction of pyrexia using a suspension of Brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a well-established and widely utilized in vivo method. This model serves as a critical preclinical tool for screening and … Read more

1. Introduction The administration of antipsychotic medications, while central to the management of psychotic disorders, carries a risk of significant adverse neurological effects. Among these, the induction of a catatonic syndrome represents a serious and potentially life-threatening complication. Haloperidol, a potent first-generation typical antipsychotic, is particularly implicated in this phenomenon due to its strong dopamine … Read more

1. Introduction Vascular permeability, defined as the capacity of blood vessels to permit the passage of molecules and cells from the intravascular to the extravascular space, represents a fundamental physiological and pathological process. Its quantitative assessment is critical in numerous biomedical disciplines, including pharmacology, toxicology, immunology, and oncology. Among the various techniques developed to measure … Read more