Pharmacology of Insulin
Introduction Discovered almost a century ago, insulin remains a cornerstone of therapy for diabetes mellitus—a global health challenge characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and/or insufficient insulin secretion. Beyond diabetes, insulin also plays…
The Comprehensive Guide to Anticancer Drugs: What You Need to Know
Introduction to Anticancer Drugs: Anticancer drugs are medications that inhibit the development and spread of cancerous cells. They achieve this by interfering with the DNA and RNA that cause cell…
The Vomiting Centre and the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ)
1 · Introduction Vomiting (emesis) is an evolutionarily conserved defence reflex that forcefully expels gastric—and at times intestinal—contents through the mouth. Although the motor act seems singular, it is orchestrated by…
Pharmacology of Antiemetic Drugs
Introduction Nausea and vomiting are defensive reflexes that protect the body from ingested toxins and noxious substances, but they can also emerge from various benign or pathological stimuli. From motion sickness and morning…
Pharmacology of Alpha-Blockers
Introduction Alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists, commonly referred to as alpha-blockers, form a crucial element in the pharmacologic management of several cardiovascular and genitourinary conditions. By blocking alpha-1 and/or alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, these agents…
Pharmacology of Beta-Blockers
Introduction Beta blockers, also known as β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, are a foundational class of cardiovascular drugs used to treat hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and other conditions. By…
Pharmacology of Alpha Agonists
Introduction to Alpha Agonists: Alpha agonists are a class of drugs that primarily act on alpha-adrenergic receptors. These receptors are part of the sympathetic nervous system and respond to the…
Beta Receptors: A Complete Overview for Medical Professionals
Introduction to Beta Receptors: Beta receptors are adrenergic receptors that respond to the neurotransmitters epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). They are part of the G-protein-coupled receptor family and play a…
Sympathomimetics: Beta-Agonists
Introduction to Beta-Agonists: Beta-agonists are medications that stimulate beta receptors in the body. These receptors are found in various tissues, including the lungs, heart, and blood vessels. Due to their…
Understanding Alteplase: The Tissue Plasminogen Activator You Need to Know
Introduction Alteplase (also referred to as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator or rt-PA) is a cornerstone of thrombolytic therapy, widely used to treat acute ischemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and other thromboembolic…
