Antiarrhythmics – A quick summary
I. Introduction and Electrophysiological Basis Cardiac arrhythmias are disorders of the heart rate or rhythm caused by abnormalities in electrical impulse formation or conduction. Antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) aim to restore…
Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer
Scope: Pathophysiology, Drug Classifications, Mechanisms of Action, Clinical Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Guidelines. I. Introduction and Pathophysiology Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder characterized by a breach…
Diabetes Mellitus: Pharmacology of Antidiabetic Agents
1. Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Control 1.1. Overview of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is not a single entity but a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders characterised by…
Steady-State Concentration: Principles, Calculations, and Clinical Application
Steady state is a cornerstone concept in clinical pharmacokinetics. It connects dose, dosing interval, and patient-specific clearance to the drug concentrations that drive therapeutic and adverse effects. Yet, “steady state”…
Drug receptor classes
There are four classes of drug receptors, G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, enzyme-linked receptors (receptor tyrosine kinases and cytokine receptors), and intracellular nuclear receptors, each of which transmits its…
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs in India: A Comprehensive Overview
Main Takeaway: India lacks a unified regulatory framework for OTC drugs, creating a complex landscape where medications not listed as prescription-only are sold over-the-counter. With 62.3% of urban populations practicing…
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs: A Comprehensive Overview
Main Takeaway: Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are non-prescription medications available directly to consumers for self-treatment of common ailments. With over 800 active ingredients comprising more than 100,000 products, OTC medications provide…
The Concept of P-Drugs in Rational Prescribing
Main Takeaway: A P-drug is a prescriber’s personal choice of first-line medicine for a specific indication, selected through a systematic and evidence-based process. Developing and maintaining a personal formulary of…
Pharmacology of Antiviral Drugs
Introduction Antiviral pharmacology has advanced from the single-agent era of idoxuridine to a modern arsenal including polymerase terminators, protease blockers, monoclonal antibodies, and host-directed entry inhibitors. Because viruses are obligate intracellular…
Pharmacotherapy of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex autoimmune disorder requiring comprehensive pharmacological management throughout the patient's lifetime. Since the discovery of insulin over a century ago, numerous advancements…
