1. Introduction Acute toxicity testing represents a fundamental component of preclinical toxicological evaluation, providing critical data on the adverse effects resulting from a single or short-term exposure to a chemical substance. The primary quantitative measure derived from such studies is the median lethal dose, commonly abbreviated as LD50. This parameter is defined as the statistically … Read more

Introduction/Overview The quantitative analysis of drug-receptor interactions represents a cornerstone of modern pharmacology. Among the various parameters used to characterize pharmacological antagonists, the pA2 value stands as a fundamental and robust measure. Originally conceptualized by Heinz O. Schild, the pA2 provides an empirical index for quantifying the potency of a competitive antagonist at a specific … Read more

Introduction/Overview The isolated rat ileum preparation represents a fundamental experimental model in classical pharmacology, providing critical insights into autonomic drug actions on smooth muscle. This ex vivo tissue bath technique allows for the controlled investigation of drug-receptor interactions, dose-response relationships, and competitive antagonism, free from the confounding influences of neural and hormonal regulation present in … Read more

Introduction/Overview The isolated rat ileum preparation represents a fundamental and historically significant in vitro bioassay in experimental pharmacology. Its utility stems from the dense innervation and rich receptor population within the intestinal smooth muscle and the myenteric plexus. This preparation provides a controlled environment to study the direct effects of drugs on autonomic and enteric … Read more

Introduction The liver, as the principal organ for xenobiotic metabolism, is perpetually susceptible to injury from chemical agents. Hepatoprotective activity refers to the capacity of a substance to prevent damage to hepatic tissue or to facilitate the repair of injured liver cells. The experimental induction of liver damage using specific hepatotoxins, such as carbon tetrachloride … Read more

1. Introduction The liver, as the principal organ for xenobiotic metabolism, is perpetually exposed to potential toxic insults. Hepatoprotection refers to the pharmacological or therapeutic strategies employed to prevent liver damage, mitigate ongoing injury, and promote the regeneration of hepatic tissue. The evaluation of hepatoprotective activity constitutes a fundamental domain in experimental pharmacology and toxicology, … Read more

1. Introduction The passive avoidance test represents a cornerstone behavioral paradigm in preclinical neuroscience and psychopharmacology. It is designed to assess learning and memory, specifically aversive or fear-motivated memory, by measuring an animal’s ability to inhibit a previously punished natural behavior. The fundamental principle involves pairing an innate exploratory behavior, such as stepping down from … Read more

1. Introduction The Morris Water Maze (MWM) represents a cornerstone behavioral paradigm in neuroscience and psychopharmacology for the assessment of spatial learning and memory. Developed by Richard Morris in the early 1980s, this task is designed to evaluate an animal’s ability to learn and remember the location of a submerged escape platform within a pool … Read more

1. Introduction Histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig represents a cornerstone experimental model in respiratory pharmacology and immunology. This paradigm involves the administration of histamine to anesthetized or conscious guinea pigs, leading to a measurable constriction of the lower airways, which serves as a surrogate for human obstructive airway diseases. The model’s enduring utility stems … Read more