Introduction Drugs can be formulated into a wide variety of dosage forms to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. The choice of dosage form depends on factors such as the physicochemical…
Essential medicines are drugs selected to meet the priority health care needs of a population, chosen on the basis of public‑health relevance, comparative efficacy and safety, cost‑effectiveness, and assured quality,…
Introduction Drugs have transformed human health by treating infections, alleviating pain, controlling chronic conditions, and improving life expectancy. Historically, treatments emerged from rudimentary herbal or mineral remedies, refined through trial…
The nature of drugs encompasses what drugs are, how they are named and sourced, how their physicochemical features determine interactions with biological targets and movement through the body, and how…
What is Pharmacology? Pharmacology is the branch of science concerned with the study of drugs, their actions on living systems, mechanisms of action, uses in treatment, and adverse effects. Pharmacology serves…
Introduction “Alcohol” in pharmacology typically refers to ethanol, the psychoactive ingredient of alcoholic beverages, but also includes toxic congeners—methanol, ethylene glycol, isopropanol. All share the –OH functional group yet differ…
Introduction The thyroid gland plays a pivotal role in metabolic homeostasis, influencing functions such as energy expenditure, heat generation, and macronutrient metabolism. Dysregulation of thyroid hormone production can lead to…
Introduction Oral contraceptive drugs, employed primarily for preventing unwanted pregnancies, embody a range of formulations with distinct pharmacological profiles to cater to individual needs. Here's a comprehensive overview of their…