1. Introduction Borderline personality disorder (BPD) represents a complex and severe mental health condition characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, coupled with marked impulsivity. The disorder is classified within the cluster B personality disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). … Read more
1. Introduction Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and often debilitating neuropsychiatric condition characterized by the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming, cause significant distress, and impair social or occupational functioning. Obsessions are defined as recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors … Read more
1. Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe, potentially chronic psychiatric condition that can develop following exposure to a traumatic event involving actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. The disorder is characterized by a constellation of symptoms including intrusive recollections of the trauma, persistent avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, negative alterations in … Read more
1. Introduction Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) represents a spectrum of hepatic injury directly attributable to chronic and excessive alcohol consumption. It encompasses a pathological continuum from simple steatosis, through alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), to progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The condition constitutes a major global public health burden, being among the leading causes of liver-related … Read more
1. Introduction Substance abuse and addiction represent a complex and pervasive group of disorders characterized by the compulsive use of psychoactive substances despite significant harmful consequences. These conditions constitute a major public health challenge, contributing substantially to global morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic burden. The conceptualization of addiction has evolved from a moral failing to a … Read more
1. Introduction Eating disorders represent a group of severe psychiatric conditions characterized by persistent disturbances in eating behaviors and associated distressing thoughts and emotions. These disorders are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, impacting physical health, psychological well-being, and overall quality of life. The core diagnostic categories include anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and … Read more
1. Introduction Adolescent health encompasses the physical, psychological, and social well-being of individuals during the transitional period from childhood to adulthood, typically spanning ages 10 to 19 years. A central biological process underpinning this stage is puberty, a complex sequence of neuroendocrine events leading to sexual maturation and the attainment of reproductive capability. Disorders of … Read more
1. Introduction The discipline of pediatrics encompasses the medical care of individuals from birth through adolescence, a period characterized by profound and dynamic physiological change. Pediatric medicine and pharmacology are not merely scaled-down versions of adult practice but are founded on distinct principles that account for the continuum of human development. The management of pediatric … Read more
1. Introduction Neonatal care, particularly for the infant born prematurely, represents a specialized domain of medicine and pharmacology that addresses a uniquely vulnerable patient population. This field integrates principles of developmental biology, pathophysiology, and pharmacokinetics to manage conditions arising from incomplete organ system maturation. The care of preterm infants, defined as those born before 37 … Read more
1. Introduction Congenital anomalies represent a significant domain within medical and pharmaceutical sciences, with craniofacial malformations such as cleft lip and palate (CL/P) constituting some of the most prevalent structural birth defects. A cleft palate is characterized by an incomplete fusion of the palatal shelves during embryogenesis, resulting in a communication between the oral and … Read more