Antimicrobial resistance

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📝 Questions: 17

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Question 1 of 17

A mutation in the 23S rRNA gene confers resistance to which class of antibiotics by preventing drug binding? *

Tetracyclines Fluoroquinolones β‑lactams Macrolides Aminoglycosides

What is the most common source of antimicrobial‑resistant infections in community‑acquired pneumonia? *

Animal-to-human transmission via livestock Contaminated food products Inhalation of airborne resistant bacteria Contaminated water sources Resistant strains from prior hospital exposure

Which therapeutic strategy is considered most promising for treating infections caused by carbapenem‑resistant *Acinetobacter baumannii*? *

High‑dose monotherapy with vancomycin Routine surgical debridement only Prolonged use of low‑dose fluoroquinolones Combination therapy with colistin and a carbapenem Use of macrolides as first‑line agents

Which diagnostic approach is most effective for rapidly identifying the presence of carbapenemase‑producing Enterobacterales (CPE) in a clinical specimen? *

Disk diffusion susceptibility testing Serological antibody detection Gram‑stain microscopy Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for carbapenemase genes Hemolytic activity assay

Which genetic element is most frequently responsible for the horizontal transfer of resistance genes among Gram‑negative bacteria? *

Chromosomal transposons Ribosomal RNA operons CRISPR arrays Integrons Plasmids

Which of the following best explains “The One Health” approach in combating antimicrobial resistance? *

Restricting all antibiotic use in agriculture. Developing new antibiotics exclusively for veterinary use. Integrating human, animal, and environmental health strategies to address resistance. Ignoring environmental reservoirs of resistance genes. Focusing solely on human healthcare settings to reduce antibiotic use.

Which of the following is a key factor that drives the emergence of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis (MDR‑TB)? *

High prevalence of HIV infection only Inadequate treatment duration and poor adherence to regimens Rapid global travel of infected individuals Overuse of fluoroquinolones in dental practice Use of herbal supplements that inhibit drug metabolism

In antimicrobial stewardship programs, what is the primary purpose of “de‑prescribing” or discontinuing unnecessary antibiotics? *

Preventing the emergence of resistant strains by minimizing selective pressure Encouraging patients to seek alternative therapies Increasing patient satisfaction scores Reducing hospital costs only Improving pharmacy inventory turnover

Which adaptation reduces antibiotic uptake by altering porin proteins in Gram‑negative bacteria, thereby contributing to resistance? *

Biofilm matrix synthesis Decreased outer‑membrane permeability β‑lactamase production Efflux pump overexpression Target site mutation

Which of the following best describes the role of β‑lactamase enzymes in antibiotic resistance? *

They hydrolyze the β‑lactam ring, inactivating the antibiotic. They alter the drug’s target site. They sequester antibiotics in the periplasmic space. They prevent drug uptake by changing porin channels. They pump drugs out of the cell.

A gene encoding a protein that adds a phosphoethanolamine group to lipid A in the bacterial outer membrane is responsible for resistance to which antibiotic class? *

Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones Polymyxins Tetracyclines Macrolides

Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism by which bacteria develop resistance to β‑lactam antibiotics? *

Modification of cell membrane lipid composition Overexpression of efflux pumps Alteration of ribosomal binding sites Production of β‑lactamase enzymes that hydrolyze the antibiotic Mutations that reduce drug uptake

How does the acquisition of a plasmid carrying a gene for a drug‑inactivating enzyme typically spread resistance among bacterial populations? *

By transformation with free DNA Through spontaneous mutation Via conjugative plasmid transfer Through selective pressure only Through transduction by bacteriophages

Which of the following statements about colistin resistance is correct? *

Resistance is primarily due to degradation of the drug by bacterial enzymes. Colistin resistance is not clinically significant because it is rarely used. Plasmid‑mediated mcr genes encode a phosphoethanolamine transferase that modifies lipid A. Resistance is only observed in *Enterococcus* species. The resistance mechanism involves overexpression of efflux pumps.

What is the most likely consequence of widespread use of antibiotics as growth promoters in livestock? *

Accumulation of sub‑therapeutic drug residues in food products Increased diversity of beneficial gut microbiota Reduction in antimicrobial resistance due to selective pressure. Enhanced vaccine efficacy in animals Decreased prevalence of zoonotic infections

Which mechanism allows bacteria to actively expel a wide range of antibiotics from their cytoplasm, often contributing to multidrug resistance? *

Biofilm formation Modification of the drug target Production of β‑lactamases Decreased membrane permeability Efflux pumps

Which factor is NOT a major contributor to the global increase in antimicrobial resistance? *

Enhanced global surveillance and reporting systems International travel and trade of goods Overprescription of antibiotics for viral infections Inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices Unregulated access to antibiotics in many low‑income countries