Kinetics of Elimination: A Complete Overview of Mechanisms and Implications
Understanding the kinetics of how a drug is removed from the body is foundational for creating and adjusting rational dosage plans tailored to individual patient needs. Three key pharmacokinetic parameters…
Diuretics and Antidiuretics: A Quick Reference Guide
Introduction Welcome to this all-encompassing guide to Diuretics and Antidiuretics. Whether you're a healthcare professional, a student, or someone simply interested in pharmacology, this article is designed to help you…
Metformin: The Most Popular Biguanide Explained
Metformin, a cornerstone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, is one of the most commonly prescribed oral antidiabetic agents worldwide. Originally discovered from a natural plant source known…
Complete Guide to Diabetes: From Symptoms to Treatment
Introduction: The Growing Concern of Diabetes Diabetes is not just a disease; it's a global epidemic. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 422 million people worldwide have diabetes.…
Pharmacology of Insulin
Introduction Discovered almost a century ago, insulin remains a cornerstone of therapy for diabetes mellitus—a global health challenge characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and/or insufficient insulin secretion. Beyond diabetes, insulin also plays…
The Comprehensive Guide to Anticancer Drugs: What You Need to Know
Introduction to Anticancer Drugs: Anticancer drugs are medications that inhibit the development and spread of cancerous cells. They achieve this by interfering with the DNA and RNA that cause cell…
The Vomiting Centre and the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ)
1 · Introduction Vomiting (emesis) is an evolutionarily conserved defence reflex that forcefully expels gastric—and at times intestinal—contents through the mouth. Although the motor act seems singular, it is orchestrated by…
Pharmacology of Antiemetic Drugs
Introduction Nausea and vomiting are defensive reflexes that protect the body from ingested toxins and noxious substances, but they can also emerge from various benign or pathological stimuli. From motion sickness and morning…
Pharmacology of Alpha-Blockers
Introduction Alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists, commonly referred to as alpha-blockers, form a crucial element in the pharmacologic management of several cardiovascular and genitourinary conditions. By blocking alpha-1 and/or alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, these agents…
Pharmacology of Beta-Blockers
Introduction Beta blockers, also known as β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, are a foundational class of cardiovascular drugs used to treat hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and other conditions. By…
