Pharmacology of Osmotic Diuretics
Mechanism of Action: Osmotic diuretics work by increasing the osmolarity of the filtrate in the renal tubules. The glomerulus filters them but does not reabsorb them, creating an osmotic gradient…
Pharmacology of Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Potassium-sparing diuretics are a class of diuretic medications that increase diuresis (urine production) while conserving potassium, contrasting with thiazide and loop diuretics that promote potassium loss. They are used primarily…
Pharmacology of Thiazide Diuretics
Thiazide diuretics are cornerstone antihypertensive and mild‑to‑moderate diuretic agents that inhibit the thiazide‑sensitive Na‑Cl cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule, lowering blood pressure and mobilizing edema with characteristic effects on…
Pharmacology of Loop Diuretics
Introduction Loop diuretics are a cornerstone of therapy in conditions where rapid and potent diuresis (urine output) is required. By inhibiting sodium and chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb…
First-Order vs. Zero-Order Kinetics: What You Need to Know
Zero-Order Kinetics Definition: In zero-order kinetics, the rate of drug elimination is constant and does not depend on the drug concentration. This is often seen with drugs that saturate the…
Prolongation of Drug Action: A Complete Overview
Extending the duration of a drug action can offer several advantages, such as enhanced patient compliance, reduced frequency of dosing, and minimized side effects. However, it's crucial to understand that…
Kinetics of Elimination: A Complete Overview of Mechanisms and Implications
Understanding the kinetics of how a drug is removed from the body is foundational for creating and adjusting rational dosage plans tailored to individual patient needs. Three key pharmacokinetic parameters…
Diuretics and Antidiuretics: A Quick Reference Guide
Introduction Welcome to this all-encompassing guide to Diuretics and Antidiuretics. Whether you're a healthcare professional, a student, or someone simply interested in pharmacology, this article is designed to help you…
Metformin: The Most Popular Biguanide Explained
Metformin, a cornerstone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, is one of the most commonly prescribed oral antidiabetic agents worldwide. Originally discovered from a natural plant source known…
Complete Guide to Diabetes: From Symptoms to Treatment
I. Introduction and Definition Diabetes mellitus defines a group of inherited and acquired metabolic disorders marked by hyperglycemia resulting from absolute (Type 1) or relative (Type 2) deficiencies in insulin secretion,…
