histamine

Pharmacology of Levocetirizine

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levocetrizine

Introduction Levocetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine, serving as the pharmacologically active R-enantiomer of cetirizine. Commonly prescribed for chronic allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria, levocetirizine delivers high efficacy with a low risk of sedation, improving over first-generation antihistamines through minimisation of CNS side effects due to limited blood-brain barrier penetration.​ Chemical Structure & Classification Mechanism … Read more

Histamine and Antihistamines

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anithistamines

Introduction Histamine stands as a fundamental mediator in allergic reactions, inflammatory processes, and various physiological functions such as gastric acid secretion and neurotransmission. Endogenously, it is produced and stored predominantly in mast cells and basophils, with additional roles in neurons. When released, histamine exerts significant effects on smooth muscles, vascular endothelium, and secretory tissues, orchestrating symptoms associated with … Read more

Pharmacology of Autacoids

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autacoids

Introduction Autacoids (from the Greek “autos,” meaning self, and “acos,” meaning remedy) are locally acting biological factors that exert diverse physiological and pathophysiological effects. Unlike classical hormones, which are synthesized in specific endocrine organs and travel through the bloodstream to distant targets, autacoids are often produced by local tissues in response to stimuli and act at or … Read more