Local anesthesia

Sodium Channel Blockers (SCBs)

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Sodium Channel Blockers

Introduction Sodium (Na⁺) channels are integral membrane proteins responsible for the rapid upstroke (phase 0) of the action potential in excitable cells such as neurons and cardiomyocytes. By selectively perming sodium ions across membranes, these channels facilitate depolarization, triggering electrical signals essential for neurotransmission, skeletal muscle contraction, and cardiac conduction. As a result, therapeutic modulation … Read more

Sympathomimetics/Adrenergic agonists

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sympathomimetics

1 · Introduction Sympathomimetic agents—or adrenergic agonists—comprise a pharmacological super-family that mimics or amplifies the actions of endogenous catecholamines (noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine) at α1, α2, β1, β2, β3 and dopaminergic receptors. Their capacity to modulate cardiovascular tone, airway calibre, intra-ocular pressure, central arousal and metabolic flux renders them indispensable across emergency medicine, anaesthesia, respiratory … Read more