Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines

Introduction Benzodiazepines are a cornerstone of modern pharmacotherapy for anxiety, insomnia, seizure disorders, muscle spasms, and other related conditions. By enhancing the effects of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), these drugs can reduce excessive neuronal excitability and provide sedation, anxiolysis, anticonvulsant action, and muscle relaxation. Their relatively favorable therapeutic index, compared … Read more

Pharmacology of Opioid Analgesics

Opioid analgesics

Introduction Opioid analgesics comprise a diverse class of drugs used primarily for pain management. Derived from natural sources such as the opium poppy or synthesized in laboratories, these agents have been used for centuries for their potent analgesic and sedative properties. Opioids remain the most effective agents for controlling intense and certain chronic pain syndromes, … Read more