1. Overview & Clinical Importance Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a potentially life-threatening condition that follows the abrupt cessation or reduction of heavy, prolonged alcohol consumption. It is common in hospital and psychiatric settings, and timely recognition and management are critical for optimal outcomes. Chronic alcohol intake leads to neuroadaptations in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission; withdrawal … Read more
Introduction Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health conditions globally, encompassing generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, social anxiety, phobias, and more. Characterized by excessive worry, fear, and sympathetic hyperarousal, these conditions can significantly impair quality of life and daily functioning. Antianxiety drugs, also known as anxiolytics, form an essential component of treatment, often … Read more
Introduction Opioid analgesics comprise a diverse class of drugs used primarily for pain management. Derived from natural sources such as the opium poppy or synthesized in laboratories, these agents have been used for centuries for their potent analgesic and sedative properties. Opioids remain the most effective agents for controlling intense and certain chronic pain syndromes, … Read more