Ofloxacin

Ofloxacin

Generic Name

Ofloxacin

Mechanism

  • Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV, preventing DNA supercoiling and segregation during replication.
  • Membrane penetration: Unlike some fluoroquinolones, ofloxacin is lipophilic enough to treat infections in the respiratory tract, skin, and abdomen with adequate tissue penetration.
  • Rapid bactericidal activity: Characteristic of fluoroquinolones — leads to bacterial cell death by generating double‑strand DNA breaks.

Pharmacokinetics

PropertyValue
AbsorptionExcellent; ~67–78 % oral bioavailability; unaffected by food.
Distribution4–5 L kg⁻¹; good penetration into CSF (~30 % of plasma), respiratory secretions, and skin.
MetabolismMinimal hepatic metabolism; primarily excreted unchanged.
ExcretionRenal (≈90 % unchanged); clearance 2.0–2.2 L h⁻¹; terminal half‑life 4 h (IV) – 7 h (PO).
Special PopulationsAugmented renal clearance in sepsis may increase dose; caution in patients with renal insufficiency (dose adjustment).

Indications

  • Upper respiratory tract infections: Acute pharyngitis, sinusitis, exacerbations of COPD, bronchitis.
  • Lower respiratory tract infections: Community‑acquired pneumonia, pyelonephritis.
  • Skin and soft‑tissue infections: Cellulitis, impetigo, excoriations.
  • Genitourinary tract: Clinical‑stage cystitis, uncomplicated urethritis.
  • Intra‑abdominal infections: Peritonitis, obstructive abscesses.
  • Miscellaneous: Uncomplicated prostatitis (short course); ocular infections (e.g., acute bacterial conjunctivitis — eye drops).

Contraindications

  • Contraindications
  • Hypersensitivity to fluoroquinolones or any component.
  • Known tendon disorders (tendinitis, tendon rupture).
  • Warnings
  • Adverse CNS effects: seizures, tremor, confusion, hallucination.
  • QT‑interval prolongation: risk ↑ with concurrent drugs that prolong QT (e.g., azithromycin, cisapride).
  • Neuro‑toxicity: rare peripheral neuropathy, radiculopathy.
  • Taste alterations: metallic taste, dysgeusia.
  • Risk of tendinopathy / tendon rupture: especially in patients >60 yr, with concomitant steroids or organ transplant.
  • Children and adolescents: avoid due to cartilage/bone toxicity.

Dosing

IndicationDose & FormRouteDuration
Urinary Tract Infection200–400 mg BIDPO or IV6–14 days
Upper Respiratory Tract200 mg BIDPO5 days
Lower Respiratory Tract400 mg BIDPO or IV7–14 days
Skin / Soft‑tissue200–400 mg BIDPO7–10 days
Intra‑abdominal400 mg BIDPO5–7 days
Ocular0.5 % eye drops, q6hTopical4 days
Short‑course for prostatitis200 mg BIDPO3–5 days

Adjustment: For CrCl < 30 mL min⁻¹, reduce dose to 200 mg BID or 200 mg q48h IV.

Adverse Effects

  • Common
  • GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia.
  • CNS: headache, dizziness, insomnia.
  • Rash, pruritus, photosensitivity.
  • Serious
  • Tendinopathy / tendon rupture (especially Achilles).
  • QT prolongation → ventricular arrhythmias.
  • Severe CNS events: seizures, acute myoclonic jerks.
  • Peripheral neuropathy: paresthesias, obstructive radiculopathies.
  • Allergic reactions: anaphylaxis, urticaria.
  • Severe GI: colitis with *Clostridioides difficile* (antibiotic‑associated diarrhea).

Monitoring

  • Renal function: CrCl/Creatinine phosphate pre‑treatment and every 2 weeks for >30 days.
  • Electrolytes: Monitor if using with other QT‑prolonging medications.
  • Serious adverse events: Watch for tendon pain or swelling.
  • Blood glucose: In diabetic patients, monitor hyperglycemia; fluoroquinolones can worsen glucose control.
  • QT interval: Baseline ECG for patients >60 yr or with multiorgan disease.

Clinical Pearls

  • Avoid in pediatrics: Fluoroquinolone use is linked with irreversible cartilage damage; reserved for life‑saving situations only.
  • Sexual tension: A rare but notable effect—some patients report altered sexual function; patient education may reduce discontinuation.
  • Drug interactions to avoid: Calcium‑rich foods or supplements (displace absorption) and agents that raise plasma levels leading to QT prolongation (e.g., macrolides, ibutilide).
  • Rapid eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa**: Use 400 mg po BID or IV; pathophysiology dictates high intrapleural Cmax for effective neutrophil function.
  • Mechanistic synergy: Combining ofloxacin with β‑lactams can provide post‑antibiotic effect due to overlapping inhibition of DNA synthesis.
  • Rapid onset: For empiric therapy in moderate sepsis, 400 mg IV q12 h maximizes plasma peak within 1–2 h for prompt bactericidal effect.
  • Photo‑sensitivity: Educate patients to avoid UV exposure and use sunscreen during therapy to prevent rash or burns.
  • Duration‑related risk: Prolonged courses (>10 days) disproportionately increase tendon rupture risk.

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• *This drug card combines evidence‑based data and practice guidelines for quick reference in clinical decision‑making. Always refer to local formularies and institutional protocols before prescribing.*

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Medical Disclaimer: Medical definitions are provided for educational purposes and should not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

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