Introduction Beta blockers, also known as β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, are a foundational class of cardiovascular drugs used to treat hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and other conditions. By blocking the actions of catecholamines—particularly norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline)—at β-adrenergic receptors, these agents reduce sympathetic overstimulation and exert a range of beneficial clinical effects. … Continue reading Pharmacology of Beta-Blockers